PARAPHRASING

PRACTICE 3
Writing Paraphrase
A.
I.                                            Artificial Language
Since the time of Descrates, it is estimated that no fewer than five hundred attempts have been made to create artificial language for international use. The most successful by far has been Esparanto, a language constructed around the end of the nineteenth century by Dr. Zamenhof of Poland. Esparanto is a language that is extremely easy to learn and speak, with its words drawn mainly from English, German, the Romance language, Latin, and Greek.
A more recent arrival on the international scene is Interlingua, scientifically constructed by a group of language experts out of Latin, the Romance Language, and English. But whereas Esparto has a large body of people who actually speak it scattered throughout the world, Interlingua has not yet achieved much popularity. (Pei 175-176)

NOTES:
Descrates – attempts - to create artificial language for international use – Esparanto – constructed - the end of the nineteenth century by Dr. Zamenhof of Poland - its words drawn mainly from English, German, the Romance language, Latin, and Greek.

recent arrival – Interlingua – Esparanto – scattered throughout the world – Interlingua - has not yet achieved.


PARAPHRASE:

                 Language is the most beneficial mean to communicate, so in the Descarates of time there were a lot of attempts have been created to construct the artificial language to build the good relationship through the world. Fortunately, in the end of nineteenth century Esparanto was constructed by Dr. Zamenhof of Poland. Esparanto language have eased people in communicating. This language is drawn by mainly from English, German, the Romance language, Latin, and Greek, the compilation of all language that grew fast. As the time goes the recent artificial language which comes is Interlingua. But Esparanto has becomed the artificial language which is achieved by all people.


2.                              Artificial Language – Objections

The main objection to constructed language, like Esparanto or Interlingua, is that they have not developed all the thought-carrying machinery and shades of meaning that natural language for themselves over a period of many centuries; also, the artificial language presented so far lean too heavily in the direction of the western European and American nations, and carry too little in the way of Slavic, Asiatic, and African words and habits of thought. (Pei 176)

NOTES:
Main objection – artificial language – have not developed - thought-carrying machinery and shades of meaning the natural language – lean – western European and American.

PARAPHRASE:

        Every country have its own language, this artificial language functions as a bridge to connect those different language. But, not every language can grow in every place. The arrival of Esparanto had been followed by Interlingua. But, both Esparanto and Interlingua have the main objection to develop. The first cause is the thought which carrying machinery and shades meaning the natural language. The first language or natural language always influences the second language. The second cause is because this artificial language is leaning to the Western European and American nation, and not all of the country are appropriate to those language. Such Slavic, Asiatic, and African. These country are prefer to the eastern habits of thought.


#ACADEMIC WRITING, THIRD MEETING page 92-93

DIRECT AND INDIRECT QUOTATION

PRACTICE 1
Direct Quotation

A.

1. How many direct quotations are used in the model paragraph?
There are three direct quotations used in the model paragraph.

2. What reporting verbs and phrases are used to introduce the direct quotations?
Reporting verbs which are used: stated, as saying, and according to.

B.

1. Dr. Yixuan  Ma, a well-known astrophysicist who has been studying black holes, said, “It is one of the most interesting phenomena we astrophysicists have ever studied.”
2. As she explained, “In black holes the laws of nature do not seem to apply.”
3. “A black hole is a tiny point with the mass 25 times the mass of our sun,”     explained Ma’s associate, Chun-Yi Su, “black holes are created by the death of a very large star,” she stated.
4. “It is an invisible vacuum cleaner in space,” she added, “with tremendous gravitational pull.”
5. According to Dr. Su, “If a person falls into a black hole, he will eventually be crushed due to the tremendous gravitational forces.”
6. “Time will slow down  for him as he approaches the event horizon,” she said, “and when he reaches the event horizon, time will stand still for him.



PRACTICE 2
Changing Direct Quotation to Indirect Quotation

A.

1. How many indirect quotations does the paragraph contain?
There are four sentences which contain indirect quotation.

2. What reporting verbs or phrases introduce the indirect quotation? Which one(s) do not contain the word that?
• Reporting verbs 0r phrases which are used: said that, estimated that, also said, according to.
• Also said and according to do not contain the word that.

B. Look at the model paragraph “Drugs and the Olympic Games” on page 83 and find the one indirect quotation. Does it follow the sequence of tenses rules?
• Yes, it follows the sequence of tenses rules.

C.

1. Television channel KSA General Manager Jim Burns said that not everyone could attend college via television would offer many more students the chance to earn a collage degree.
2. Pre-med student Alma Rodriguez said that he missed being on campus, but he had to work and took care of his family.
3. Other students said that last year they had spent several hours a day commuting to and from school. Now they didn’t have to do that.
4. Computer engineering student Amir Mehdizadeh stated that he could choose when to study and how to study without pressure. He also said that he would take two more telecourses in the fall.

#ACADEMIC WRITING, SECOND MEETING page 85 – 86 and 88

READING THE GRAPHS

 PRACTICE 2
Using Statistics

                                            World’s Major Consumers of Primary  Energy
    According to statistics published by the U.S. Department of Energy, the world’s consumption of primary energy continued to increase in 1994 in quadrillion Btu’s. The three top consumers included the United State, China, and Russia. However, the largest consumer was United States. It used 85.64 quadrillion Btu. Japan consumed 20.7 quadrillion Btu, whereas Germany consumed 13.87 quadrillion Btu. The countries that consumed less than 10 quadrillion Btu included India , United Kingdom , Franca , and Italy.


WRITING PRACTICE
Statistics

1.                                      People’s Attention on Credit Cards Debt in USA
            According to graphs result of a USA Today survey of 2,300 readers, the people’s attention about the amount of debt on credit cards is influenced by their aged. This survey divided the age of the reader into 4 age type; under 30, between 30-45, 46-60, and over 60, and gave three choices of answer to the reader included; yes, no, and somewhat. People in over 60 age type are the highest amount who mostly concerned about the amount of their credit cards debt with the result 81%  “yes”, 13%  “no”, and 6%  “somewhat”. People in 46-60 age type have the second position with 62% “yes”, 30%  “no”, and 8%  “somewhat”, whereas people in 30-45 age type who said “yes” and “no” have the same amount 43% and 14% answered “somewhat”. The last position is under 30 age type, 32%  “yes”, 55%  “no”, and 13% with “somewhat”. According to this survey, younger people in USA will have less attention on their credit cards debt.

2. People’s Awareness of All Credit Card Bills Payment Every Month in
        USA
       According to graphs result of a USA Today survey of 2,300 readers, the people’s awareness of all credit card bills payment every month in USA is influenced by their aged. This survey divided the age of the reader into 4 age type; under 30, between 30-45, 46-60, and over 60, and gave two choices of answer to the reader included; yes and no. People in over 60 age type are the smallest amount who pay the credit card bill every month, with the result only 13% said “yes” and 87% “no”. People in 46-60 age have 32% said “yes” and 68% said “no”, whereas people in 30-45 age type 51% said “yes” and 49% said “no”. The first position is under 30 age type, 59% of them said “yes” and 41% said “no”. According to this survey, younger people in USA will have the most awareness of all credit card bills payment every month.


#ACADEMIC WRITING, FIRST MEETING page 78 – 79.